المحكمة الجنائية الدولية تأسست سنة 2002 كأول محكمة قادرة على محاكمة الأفراد المتهمين بجرائم الإبادة الجماعية والجرائم ضد الإنسانية وجرائم الحرب وجرائم الاعتداء. تعمل هذه المحكمة على إتمام الأجهزة القضائية الموجودة، فهي لا تستطيع أن تقوم بدورها القضائي ما لم تبد المحاكم الوطنية رغبتها أو كانت غير قادرة على التحقيق أو الادعاء ضد تلك القضايا، فهي بذلك تمثل المآل الأخير. فالمسؤولية الأولية تتجه إلى الدول نفسها، كما تقتصر قدرة المحكمة على النظر في الجرائم المرتكبة بعد 1 يوليو/تموز 2002، تاريخ إنشائها، عندما دخل قانون روما للمحكمة الجنائية الدولية حيز التنفيذ.
وهي منظمة دولية دائمة، تسعى إلى وضع حد للثقافة العالمية المتمثلة في الإفلات من العقوبة – وهي ثقافة قد يكون فيها تقديم شخص ما إلى العدالة لقتله شخصا واحدا أسهل من تقديمه لها لقتله مئة ألف شخص مثلاً، فالمحكمة الجنائية الدولية هي أول هيئة قضائية دولية تحظى بولاية عالمية، وبزمن غير محدد، لمحاكمة مجرمي الحرب ومرتكبي الفظائع بحق الإنسانية وجرائم إبادة الجنس البشري.
بلغ عدد الدول الموقعة على قانون إنشاء المحكمة 121 دولة حتى 1 يوليو 2012 “الذكرى السنوية العاشرة لتأسيس المحكمة”، وقد تعرضت المحكمة لانتقادات من عدد من الدول منها الصين والهند والولايات المتحدة وروسيا، وهي من الدول التي تمتنع عن التوقيع على ميثاق المحكمة.
تعد المحكمة الجنائية هيئة مستقلة عن الأمم المتحدة، من حيث الموظفين والتمويل، وقد تم وضع اتفاق بين المنظمتين يحكم طريقة تعاطيهما مع بعضهما من الناحية القانونية.
وقد فتحت المحكمة الجنائية تحقيقات في أربع قضايا: أوغندا وجمهورية الكونغو الديمقراطية وجمهورية أفريقيا الوسطى ودارفور. كما أنها أصدرت 9 مذكرات اعتقال وتحتجز اثنين مشبه بهما ينتظران المحاكمة.[1]
يقع المقر الرئيس للمحكمة في هولندا لكنها قادرة على تنفيذ إجراءاتها في أي مكان. وقد يخلط البعض ما بين المحكمة الجنائية الدولية ومحكمة العدل الدولية والتي تدعى اختصاراً في بعض الأحيان المحكمة الدولية (وهي ذراع تابع للأمم المتحدة يهدف لحل النزاعات بين الدول)، لذلك لابد من التنويه إلى أنهما نظامان قضائيان منفصلان.
المدعي العام للمحكمة هو فاتو بنسودا حالياً،[2] وسابقاً كان المحامي الأرجنتيني لويس مورينو اوكامبو.
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